Petroleum (crude oil) and natural gas are hydrocarbons. Bon chains that make up the petroleum and natural gas has a variety of types and of course with the nature and characteristics of each.The nature and characteristics of the base oil that determine further treatment for the petroleum itself on its processing. It will also affect the products resulting from the processing of the oil.Model-Based OWEM (OPEC World Energy Model), world oil demand in the medium-term period (2002-2010) is expected to increase by 12 million barrels per day (bpd) to 89 million bpd or growing an average 1.8% per year. While the next period (2010-2020), the demand rose to 106 million bpd to 17 million bpd growth. (Data source: http://dtwh2.esdm.go.id/dw2007/)-Knowledge of petroleum and natural gas is very important for us to know, given the petroleum and natural gas is a resource that can not be renewed Eneri, while the use of these energy sources in our daily lives very broad coverage and ample play an important role or master lives of many people. For example, oil and natural gas is used as an energy source that is widely used for cooking, motor vehicles, and the industry, both fuels are derived from the weathering of the remains of organisms that are called fossil fuels.Petroleum (English: petroleum, from Latin: Petrus), also dubbed as the black gold is a viscous liquid, dark brown or greenish flammable, which is in the upper layers of the few areas in the earth's crust. Petroleum and natural gas from the ocean microorganisms, plants and animals that died about 150 million years ago. The remains of these organisms to settle on the ocean floor, then covered with mud. Layer of mud was gradually transformed into a layer of rock under the influence of pressure on it. Meanwhile, with the increasing pressure and temperature, anaerobic bacteria decompose the remains of these microorganisms and convert it into oil and gas.The process of oil and gas formation takes millions of years. Oil and gas are formed permeated the porous rock as the water in the rock. Oil and gas can also migrate from one region to another, then terkosentrasi if blocked by an impermeable layer.Even though oil and natural gas are formed at the bottom of the ocean, many sources of oil contained in the mainland. This occurs because of the movement of the earth's crust, so most of the ocean to the land.Today there are two major theories about the origin of the growing petroleum, among others:1. Inorganic Theory (abiogenesis)Barthelot (1866) suggested that there is oil in the alkali metals, which in a free state with a high temperature will be in contact with CO2 to form asitilena. Then Mandeleyev (1877) suggested that petroleum is formed due to the influence of working steam on metal carbides in the earth. Even more extreme is the claim that some experts argued that oil started to form since prehistoric times, long before the Earth was formed, and in conjunction with the formation of the earth. The statement is based on facts discovered hydrocarbon material in some meteor rocks and in the atmosphere some other planet.Generally expressed as follows:Based on the theory of inorganic, petroleum formation based on chemical processes, namely:a. The theory of heat alkalization with CO2 (Berthelot)Reaction occurs:CO2 + alkali metal carbidesH2O + carbide ocetylenaC2H2 C6H6 other componentsIn other words, there is oil in the alkali metals in a free state and a high temperature. When CO2 from the air in contact with hot alkali before it will form ocetylena. Ocetylena will change to benzene due to high temperatures. The downside of these metals are alkali metals are not found free in the earth's crust.b. The theory of heat carbide with water (Mendeleyef)The assumption used is no iron carbide in the Earth's crust which then come into contact with water to form hydrocarbons, weaknesses not enough carbide in nature.2.Teori Organic (biogenesis)Based on the theory of biogenesis, petroleum is formed due to a small leak permanently in the carbon cycle. The carbon cycle is occurring between the atmosphere to the earth's surface, which is described by the two arrows in the opposite direction, where the carbon is transported in the form of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. In the first direction, assimilate carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, which means that CO2 extracted from the atmosphere by photosynthetic organisms land and sea. At the direction of the second CO2 released back into the atmosphere through respiration of living things (plants, animals, and microorganisms).O.g. Mackuire who first expressed the opinion that oil derived from plants. Several arguments have been advanced to prove that oil comes from organic matter that is:- Oil has properties can rotate the plane of polarization, is caused by the presence of cholesterol or fatty substance found in the blood, whereas organic substances are not present in the blood and can not rotate the plane of polarization.- Petroleum or substance containing porphyrin complex consists of hydrocarbons with the element vanadium, nickel, etc..- The composition of hydrocarbons consisting of C and H atoms are very similar to the organic matter, which consists of C, H and O. Although the organic matter and nitrogen oxygen menggandung big enough.- Hydrocarbons contained in sediments and an integral part of sedimentation.- Practically layer of oil contained in the cambium until pleistosan.- Petroleum contain chlorophyll like a plant.The process of formation of petroleum consists of three levels, namely:1. The establishment itself, consisting of:- Accumulation of organic matter in sediments- The preservation of organic matter in sediments- Transformation of organic matter into petroleum.2. Petroleum migration formed and dispersed in lapisansedimen trapped.3.Accumulated oil drops dispersed in a layer of sediment up to berkumpil a commercial accumulation.The process of organic chemistry in general can be solved by experiments in the laboratory, but a variety of geological factors on how the presence and distribution of petroleum in the sediments must also be reviewed. This fact is summarized by Cox who then known as Cox fence include:Petroleum is always contained in sedimentary rocks and marine sediments are generally at, fesies major sediment contained petroleum around the coast.Memeng oil is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons.Reservior temperatures average 107 ° C and oil still can last up to 200 ° C. Above this temperature forfirin has not survived.Petroleum is always formed in a state characterized by forfirin reduction and sulfur.Oil can withstand the pressure changes from 8-10000 psi.The process of transformation of organic matter into petroleum.There are several things that affect the above events, including:1. Thermal degradationAs a result of the accumulation of sediment exposed and pembanaman then there will be changes in pressure and temperature. Changes in temperature is a very important factor.2. Catalytic reactionPresence of a catalyst to speed up chemical processes.3. RadioaktivasiEffect of fatty acids pembombanderan dapay alpha particles to form paraffinic hydrocarbons. This shows the influence of the organic substance radioactive.4. Bacterial activity.Bacteria have a great potential in the process of formation of petroleum hydrocarbons and the role of organic compounds since the death until the time of diagnosis, as well as setting up the conditions that allow the formation of petroleum.Organic matter as a source ofOragink types of substances used as sources of petroleum experts say dap [at concluded that the type of organic matter is a major shaper of petroleum substances are organic lipidzat can form in the life of the sea or land, and can be divided into two types, namely: derived from vegetable and animal .Results Output Processing Oil - Fuel Oil, Diesel, benzene, kerosene, Gas Grill, Charcoal - Chemistry Science EducationSat, 09/12/2006 - 10:17 pm - godam64The processing of petroleum in the form of black mud to be oil in the form of a wide variety such as kerosene, gasoline, benzene, pertamax bio, bio diesel, kerosene, diesel, and others require long production process. The output can be terraced or rank or simply removing one result only.A description of the technique and how to process the crude oil to be cooked can be seen in other articles on the site this organisasi.org. Here we will explain in more detail about the outcome, as follows below:1. BenzeneBenzene is fuel aircraft or aircraft.2. Diesel OilDiesel oil is a liquid that is used to menjalanan diesel engine / diesel.3. Fuel oilFuel oil is used to fuel ships and for the purposes of industrial operations.4. Fuel GasGas fuel is a gas that serves as fuel gas for household needs everyday and also for industrial materials.5.Kerosene kerosene or aliasKerosene is a liquid fuel for household needs.6. GasolineGasoline is a liquid that is enabled for motor vehicle fuels such as cars and motorcycles.7. Charcoal or Stone DregsCharcoal is the fuel that is widely used for industrial purposes.-Supplement:The results of processing of oil can also produce output that may be used such as the following below:1.AsphaltAsphalt is one of the materials used to make roads.2. Gas HydrocarbonsHydrocarbons are materials to manufacture rubber sistetis or duplication of material plastic base3. ParaffinParaffin is one of the materials used for bottle caps, loom weaving industry, lighters, matches, wax batik and many others.The process of formation of petroleumDiscusses the identification of petroleum can not be separated from the discussion theory of petroleum formation and formation conditions that make an oil specific and not to be the same between the oil with petroleum.Since I was a chemist, so I approach to do more than the chemical aspects of the geological aspects. An understanding of the process of formation of petroleum will be needed as a material consideration in interpreting the results of the identification. There are many hypotheses about the formation of petroleum raised by experts, some of which are:The theory of biogenesis (Organic)Macqiur (France, 1758) is the one who first put forward the idea that oil derived from plants. Then M.W. Lamanosow (Russia, 1763) also suggested the same thing. The opinions above are also supported by other scholars such as, New Beery (1859), Engler (1909), Bruk (1936), Bearl (1938) and Hofer. They stated that: "The oil and gas from marine organisms that have died millions of years ago and formed a layer in the earth."The theory of abiogenesis (Inorganic)Barthelot (1866) suggested that there is oil in the alkali metals, which in a free state with a high temperature will be in contact with CO2 to form asitilena. Then Mandeleyev (1877) suggested that petroleum is formed due to the influence of working steam on metal carbides in the earth. Even more extreme is the claim that some experts argued that oil started to form since prehistoric times, long before the Earth was formed, and in conjunction with the formation of the earth. The statement is based on facts discovered hydrocarbon material in some meteor rocks and in the atmosphere some other planet.Of the many hypotheses that are often raised is the theory of biogenesis, as it could be. The theory of the formation of petroleum continue to evolve with the development of technology and engineering analysis of petroleum, until later in 1984 G. D. Hobson in his article entitled "The Occurrence and Origin of Oil and Gas".Based on the theory of biogenesis, petroleum is formed due to a small leak permanently in the carbon cycle. The carbon cycle is occurring between the atmosphere to the earth's surface, which is described by the two arrows in the opposite direction, where the carbon is transported in the form of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. In the first direction, assimilate carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, which means that CO2 extracted from the atmosphere by photosynthetic organisms land and sea.At the direction of the second CO2 released back into the atmosphere through respiration of living things (plants, animals, and microorganisms). In this process, a small leak that allows a small portion of carbon that are not released back into the atmosphere in the form of CO2, but that eventually transformed into fossils that can be burned. Fossil fuels is only a very small amount. Organic material is oxidized during burial. Consequently, the major part of the organic carbon in the form of a very small carbonate in sedimentary rocks.At first these compounds (such as carbohydrates, protein and fat) produced by living creatures according to their needs, such as self-defense, to breed or as a physical component and living it. The components in question may be constituents of cells, membranes, pigments, fat, sugar or protein from plants, fungi, yeast, protozoa, bacteria, invertebrates or cold-blooded animals and the heat, so it can be found in the air, on the surface, in water or in the soil.
When living things die, then 99.9% of carbon compounds and living will again experience the cycle of the food chain, while the remaining 0.1% of the compounds of carbon trapped in the soil and in sediments. This is what is the origin of compounds known as fossil or petroleum embryos.These embryos had a transfer and will accumulate in one place that may be a reservoir and there is a drift with the flow of water to accumulate at the bottom of the sea, and there is also due to differences in pressure below the sea surface and accumulate on the surface and some are terendapkan at sea level in the small current.Small Embryo accumulate in humid environmental conditions, dark and smells of the minerals and sediment, and form large molecules known as geopolymer. Organic compounds buried will remain with their respective characters that correspond to specific materials and environment creation. Furthermore, these organic compounds will undergo geological processes deep within the earth. First akanmengalami diagenesis process, wherein the organic compound and a compound beings are dead and buried up to 600 meters below the surface and the temperature below 50 ° C.In this condition of organic compounds originating and living beings began to lose force oxygenated due to decarboxylation reaction and dehidratasi. The deeper burial of the case, the hot environment, the addition of depth of 30-40 m will be rising the temperature of 1 ° C. In more depth and 600 m to 3000 m, burial temperatures will range between 50 - 150 ° C, a process called geologic both katagenesis will take place, then the pent geopolymer Mulal unraveled due to geothermal.The components of petroleum in the process began to take shape and compounds derived characteristics and certain living creatures released back of the molecule. When the depth continues towards the center of the earth, the more the temperature rises, and if the depth exceeds 3000 m and temperatures above 150 ° C, the organic materials can be broken down into small bermolekul gas, and this process is called metagenesis.Once the process is bypassed geology, petroleum is formed together with bio-markers. Molecular fossils that have been formed will undergo displacement (migration) due to environmental conditions or the earth's crust are always moving average as far as 5 cm per year, so it will be trapped in a porous rock, or the next will migrate to form an oil well. If the sampled rock is jailed oil (host rock) or oil trapped in the cavity of the earth, to be found fossilized organic compounds. Fossils of these compounds were determined structure uses several methods of analysis, so as to explain the origin of fossils, forming materials, petroleum migration, and the relationship between the oil with another oil and petroleum relationship with the host rock.
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